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CONTACT DeTAILS Suggestions change queries are welcomed sent editor Headquarters Army Centre Imber Road Warminster BA12 0DJ |i Foreword CGS foreword ADP Army’s core doctrine. provides framework understanding our approach combat operations. foundation all tactical recognises nature warfare remains constant: it visceral violent characterised friction which simplest things become difficult its outcomes more often about effects on peoples’ minds than they physical effects always politics. new edition necessary because character conflict evolved significantly due pervasiveness information. context complex dynamic. We live fight goldfish bowl. There few secrets any longer. have access multiple audiences us. No longer there distinction between war peace. era constant competition confrontation adversaries exploit grey area short seek advantage. no boundary what happens abroad at home. Success likely achieved through non-military non-lethal means invariably triumph narrative decisive not necessarily facts ground. battlefield increasingly decentralized with premium placed talent low level leadership strategic context. And expectations restraint well complexity legal context constrain never before. two central ideas remain constant. requirement Mission Command Manoeuvrist Approach changed however latter focused enemy – dynamic environment manoeuvre take account much broader audience simply ‘enemy’. A idea therefore required - called Integrated Action. unifying doctrine requires first identify their outcome second study attainment third analyse need imparted audience before determining mix capabilities from soft hard power impart effect onto those achieve outcome. Put simply just taught also captures set beliefs underpin how we practise profession. read all applied appropriate level used intelligently inform development ii | Preface (ADP) primary source UK land Building foundations laid higher-level North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) doctrine philosophy principles guide forces’ capstone forces practices procedures Manual (AfM) series handbooks aides-memoire. reading force sub-unit upwards staff officers working environment. They explain subordinates so whole operates accordance principles. useful allies joint staffs civil servants civilians alongside forces. Unless otherwise specified definitions consistent NATO Allied Administrative (AAP) 06 Glossary Terms. three parts. Part 1 establishes informs fundamentals Chapter describes conflict changes key aspects contemporary conflict. identifies important implications examines national relationships within conducted. 3 components fighting Power: conceptual moral physical. 4 explains Action guides orchestration execution whether task combination fighting engagement security support. 5 Approach specifically enemy. 6 concerned Command command Army. |iii introduces These subjects covered greater detail AfM series. 7 interoperability organise operations support supported components. 8 general guidance planned conducted functions operational art various doctrinal frameworks summary activities contribute 9 wider (in Command) characteristics commander staff controlled process. 10 sustainment executed. continues evolution modern Military (1989) associated five volumes ADPs (2005) (2010). iv Contents FOreWOrD i PreFACe PArt COntext OF OPerAtiOns P1 ChAPter nAtUre AnD ChArACter COnFLiCt 1-1 introduction 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-8 Annex 1A Principles 1-11 nAtiOnAL OPerAtiOnAL 2-1 Campaign authority legitimacy legality 2-2 2-4 Operational 2-8 Joint Inter-agency 2-9 Multinational 2-10 Whole 2-12 contribution strategy 2-13 Fighting POWer 3-1 conceptual component 3-3 3-8 3-13 readiness deployability recovery 3-16 |v FUnDAMentALs integrAteD ACtiOn Understanding integration actions desired MAnOeUvrist APPrOACh requirements Psychological impact seizing holding initiative shaping Attacking will cohesion MissiOn COMMAnD Context Application COnDUCt OrgAnising FOr interoperabilty capabilities air maritime special logistic Cyberspace P2 4-1 4-2 4-4 5-1 5-2 5-4 6-1 6-2 6-4 6-5 6-7 P3 7-1 7-4 7-7 7-8 7-10 7-12 7-15 7-16 vi OrChestrAting exeCUting overview functions art Doctrinal 8A Basis 8B gravity analysis 8C themes types COMMAnDing human Control process UnDerstAnDing risK sUstAining terminology Philosophy Functional groupings Planning inDex gLOssAry terMs 8-1 8-3 8-10 8-12 8-17 8A-1 8B-1 8C-1 9-1 9-3 9-6 9-7 9-9 9A-1 10-1 10-2 10-4 10-5 10-7 11-1 g1 |P1 flow While endures evolves. Certain shape into early 2020s. include continued proliferation speed information instability world array actors many whom undermine international rules-based order. traditional tactics strategies domain opponents contest virtual digital media cyber. age allows unconstrained Western policy ethical codes vulnerabilities novel ways. means allies partners success difficult purely terms. Most importantly possible translate desirable political without gaining favourable consensus among audiences. ? Nature National Power Fundamentals Action Conduct Organising Orchestrating executing Commanding Sustaining summarises higher frameworks common across NATO aid concept Ops |1-1 Introduction 1-01. different. fundamental does change adversarial political. Yet each different character. 1-02. timeless environment inherent attributes armies. changes continuously consequence number factors including politics technology age conflict’s unique causes participants geography. • Character Implications War When participant particular political economic geographic historical position becomes factor experience. Because unique single description possible. But understand factors influence character factors. first supreme far-reaching act judgement statesman make establish…the kind embarking neither mistaking for nor trying turn into something alien nature. Carl von Clausewitz 1-03. design education Deductions enduring ideas while allow us prepare appropriately essential draw both right balance. 1-04. chapter then affected aspects: way people communicate power weapons evolving tactics. concludes and 1A War. know actual circumstances war relation things laws direct win victory. Mao Tse Tung 1-05. Whether belligerents states entities armed essentially (involving uncertainty violence stress) 1-06. Conflict reciprocal will actors react other unpredictably struggle succeed. Adversaries constantly mitigate own weaknesses opponents’ strengths focus instead aligning strengths against weaknesses. 1-07. dynamics lie heart follows continue influenced represent entire spectrum behaviour emotion capability. activity cannot reduced scientific templates principles but relies initiative enterprise intelligence. violent humans marked chaos violence danger stress affecting participants’ function. social animals who respond friendship tend ourselves hierarchical groups. Our physiology limits can do physically go long food sleep shelter example. psychology decisions behaviour informed perceptions happening. subjective unpredictability land. a. friction frustrates action makes simple seemingly impossible. mental perhaps caused indecision physical example violence. imposed upon great effect adversary self-induced poor plan organisational structure. b. matter ‘fog war’ lead uncertainty chaos descend. Chaos might deliberately enemies presents opportunities bold seize. c. threat one side ultimately seeks impose other. Violence bloodshed destruction suffering. Applying time place decisive. d. Combat horrific danger fear exhaustion isolation privation prospect adversely affect involved. battle decided psychological ability withstand these shocks results. 1-08. objectives endured ages. Clausewitz’s observation “war merely policy true instrument continuation intercourse carried means” |1-3 today. Confrontation involve persistent disagreement manifested violence conflicts blends ‘battlefield’ ‘non-battlefield’ engagements. end end itself. initiation continuance termination decisions employment instrument ought pursuit objectives. pervasive shapes manner 1-09. human aspects. towns cities villages coastal regions. very areas live even then apparently unpopulated space resource supports population some way. People exist linguistic cultural social groups specific identities usually territories. territories typically form states regions them. 1-10. significance territory is therefore group identity resources rooted deep cultural governments’ obligations people. Competition resources issues such injustice lack representation root 1-11. significance capture occupation territory credible so regarded But ultimate decision rather physical decide accept dint presence proximity people achieving outcomes. 1-12. shaped exchanged individuals tribes ethnic interest groups countries. communication verbal directly radio television online. Human interaction expanding accelerating flows domain increase. In landscape digitally connected person public (or against) means. 1-13. Terrain varied complex open grassland cultivated land forests mountains deserts jungles rivers swamps urban littoral areas. creates constraints freedoms placing demands equipment operate block enable communication cover detection attack obstruct movement. Movement impeded obstacles overcome. highly adaptable resilient conditions. 1-14. itself altered activity. Obstacles cleared roads built access. Globally phenomenon urbanisation creating physically culturally institutionally challenging operating littoral complexities amplified. Other trends economic inequality climate dictate live. 1-15. Climate accentuates terrain. affects visibility movement communication. bring threaten survival brings sustain life protection. Night element surprise strain retain effective control. 1-16. capability described Power. consists components: (the behind fight) get fight). Land Power different yet complementary attributes. 1-17. timelessly design. attributes needs certain qualities if able exercise effectively. 1-18. mainly divided maritime cyber capabilities. exert control course events. Air fully land only done (often power). 1-19. All regular irregular four attribute advantages used disadvantages avoided mitigated. individuals. participants interpretations organisations requiring structural hierarchies command. direct decentralised systems work best. Large numbers expensive sectors society skilled personnel. particularly reliant high quality leadership training levels. ground close Soldiers gain communicate gives them potential develop detailed enough distinguish adjusting accordingly. present adversaries uniquely reassure secure neutral friendly over ground via water possession terrain physically defend it. achievable fighting. same presence however |1-5 disturb local relationships cause feel threatened resistance vulnerable. Sometimes mitigated small discreet deployments out proportion size. effectively cooperate actors. persistence extend periods time deepen influence. Presence persistence significant matched commitment. Persistent engagement protection commensurate threats distance home base duration. versatility consist largely organised relatively easily conduct wide range tasks. So when optimised warfighting adapted support example stability non-conflict humanitarian assistance disaster relief. 1-20. Although display effective (as air) require including: balance aspects start operation demands force. alters properties changing situations adaptability. 1-21. inherently versatile deal situations. future predicted accurately demanding adapt rapidly requirements. Having adjusted situation during enemies deceive surprise us themselves adapt: succeed quickly do. Adaptability explained further 3. 1-22. none retains fixed product conditions apply time. ever global technological Significant developments examples growth democracy invention mass manufacturing. significant technology gunpowder internal combustion engine wireless communications powered flight nuclear weapons computers Internet. 1-23. addition goals belligerents relative popular strategies differ give further given constant wills advantage whilst technologies evolve threats emerge. 1-6 clearly thinks impossible anticipate precisely far off mark adjust once revealed. Professor Sir Michael Howard 1-24. predict exact evolves Nevertheless trends apparent1 connectivity currently important. examined right inter-related clear: ever-increasing Initially Israeli response Hezballah in 2006 was widely seen justified progressed successfully manipulated print broadcast online media saw images civilian casualties (both doctored real) tide opinion turned. widespread sentiment regarding Israel’s “disproportionate response” Israel successful turning tide. United States Coalition Analysis Decade War Volume 1. Enduring lessons past decade (2012) 1-25. Rapid broad messages boundaries energising causes fight. recruitment manipulation mobilisation targeting opportunities promoting narratives events own. share past. 1-26. activity immediately visible audience. includes partners population. unbounded. interprets lens others. Many adept presenting audience magnifying mitigating altering observers’ actually happened. critically judges achieves immediate wide-ranging consequences past deterring demoralising stiffening resolve 1-27. sophisticated services attack increases. disrupt services rely electronic systems. DCDC’s Global Strategic Trends Agile Warrior programme trends. |1-7 1-28. visible come domestic scrutiny criticism expectation restraint compared leads additional law. recognise constraints. situation advantage by concealing population weapons causing restricted (legitimate) rules. planning pay attention warfare. 1-29. increase irregular Chemical biological radiological threat. fires explosives dominate battlespace whether delivered rocket improvised explosive devices. destroy kill injure people greatest resonance eyes observers 1-30. critical application Aircraft powerful delivering fires contributor intelligence surveillance reconnaissance (ISR) sustainment. Those ISR communications. 1-31. commercially unmanned acquired improvised 1-32. recent period emergence ‘hybrid warfare’. new employed state non-state Potential demonstrating capability blending conventional unconventional forms attributable non-attributable methods. posturing provocation persuasion domains subversion warfare ‘hybrid’ order below formal thresholds. (In spite of…changes) soldier front line been soldierly virtues skills remarkably unchanged. He ground alert steadfast brave endure hardship every kind. prepared stay move forward face firepower…risking wounds death himself kill. Field Marshal Car ver 1-33. derived 1-34. fight engage exercised independently combinations. circumstances. underpins functions credibility deterrence coercion containment strategies interventions territorial defence. engage audiences indirectly contributing understanding prevention. protect places persistently providing inter-agency stabilisation reconstruction. assist institutions. specialist 1-35. simultaneously perform (fight secure support) integrating operation. conducting intensity others engaged relief counter-insurgency building. type contain full offensive defensive enabling stability. relationship visualised mosaic formed pieces see picture. piece represents activities. paras 2-16 2-18. 1-36. today soldiers skills. involves technologies emerging environments Within force required technical knowledge proficiency languages psychology robustness. |1-9 1-37. leadership. Morale adaptation strength throughout hierarchy elements Commanders inspire confidence decisive adversity judicious flexible. had arrange battle carefully formally arranged bodies men’s minds though first enemy reach them thirdly mind nation supporting firing line hostile waiting verdict neutrals looking on. TE Lawrence 1-38. audience’s designed solution overall diverse How say behave do appropriate. At margin nearly outcome turned failure perceived. Loss hope loss really decides wars battles smallest combats. shows men point see feel effort sacrifice delay commonly lose spin out bow inevitable. BH Liddell Hart 1-39. outcomes consciously aimed people’s behaviour. retention making ways goals. reason damage things: immediate reduction capability enemy’s cohesion. efficient attacking weaknesses demoralise disintegrate head-on equipment manpower materiel 1-40. security involved maintain integrate communications mutually reinforcing turn diplomatic instruments power. 1-41. coupled organisation methods chaos. 1-10 empowers leaders down lowest subordinate commander’s intent. 1-42. good comprehend situation. assess perceive actions. 1-43. interoperability branches field. agencies. 1-44. held readiness place. 1-45. ease observed commented interpreted previous non- distinctions less valid. minor potentially consequences diaspora identities transnational dependencies. Actions challenges repercussions deployed Threats overseas migrate base increased homeland resilience tasks authority. Moreover perceived ‘non-operational’ recruiting supreme subdue Sun Tzu 1-46. Since distant domestically order imperative improved parts world. overseas building deterrence. doing outlook occur. 1-47. Above imply rapidly varied adaptable. 1-48. Throughout history thinkers proposed based assessment were intended guidelines warfighting. Some thought followed rules longstanding view now deeply are science. rules guarantee success guidelines. Despite UK’s relevant. listed 1A. |1A-1 comprehensive considerations levels planning campaigns absolute prescriptive adversary-focused With exception master principle importance vary according judgement sense intelligent interpretation. differences. 01 lists multinational selection maintenance aim. Selection aim Principle select define clearly. coordinated reference progress. aims required. aims steps path towards following principle prevents unnecessary conserves resources. pervade practice reality insufficient initial frequently conspire setting unambiguous outset. obligation subordinates mission command blinkered rigidity. enables identification fresh as exploitation ensures Maintenance morale. Morale positive depends strong spirit cohesion discipline comradeship pride self unit sustainment firm spiritual foundation. High morale enables offensively overcome privations campaign. army highest ranks. ones. 1A-2 Offensive action. offensive momentum seize initiative. active passive approach campaign battle. Defensive unsuccessful rarely tactically ascendancy partners. security. An degree denial Security (and enhanced by) deception preserving force helps freedom management risk everything surprise. Surprise potent weapon shock unexpected method. enabled secrecy concealment originality audacity tempo confuse paralyse decision-making adversary’s Surprising design transient confusion recede exploited aggressively. being surprised plans safeguard Concentration synchronised concentrated depend manoeuvre main assigns concentration can create entail economy elsewhere. effort. everywhere wasteful expenditure issue. |1A-3 Flexibility. flexibility effectively comprises versatility responsiveness adaptability Versatility functions. Responsiveness measure action reaction seized regained. Resilience arduous embraces learn quickly amend that light experience seem unlikely suitable Cooperation. enterprises. Their cooperation participants. civilian governmental non-governmental national allied host nations. arms combined critical. Cooperation engendered shared training develops team spirit upon: mutual trust goodwill unity purpose command responsibilities limitations. sustainability. Sustainability duration culmination. rest sustainability stage campaign preparation redeployment recuperation. rigorous realities planning indeed deciding assessing feasibility choice. 1A-6 |2-1 2-01. expands concepts legality 2-02. liberal democracy island europe member security-orientated organisations. Notably perspective permanent Nations Council NATO. Relatively size dependencies citizens. include: terrorism re-emergence instability environmental natural hazards. 2-03. tackling challenges government employs power: diplomatic military underpinned information.2 costly small regenerate industrial base. 2-04. geopolitical deductions scale almost multinational reflecting capable acting independently alliances partnerships defence Collective promoted primarily exclusively bilateral with france. coherent NATO’s exceptions made clear. UK like country afford warfighting division constitutes centre vulnerabilities protecting ready variety Government prevent instability. maintained Note views separate See (AJP) 01 competence readiness. Major multinational. formations larger possess formations. 2-05. subject direction democratic oversight legitimate lawful such. 2-06. established agencies interdependent factors: mandate exercising mandate themselves individually collectively extent factions populations consent to comply resist met mandate. granted mission earned maintained. Without difficult impossible convert 2-07. Legitimacy encompasses legal moral propriety justification applied collective aspects utility objective matters. judicial responses expectations regulated unregulated reporting preparing ensuring lawfully ethically times. 2-08. lawful. increasing incorporation norms system resulting conduct dimension constraining. subject prior operations.3 Law Sometimes matters (ROe) directives handling captured personnel restrict law permissive. framework. service wherever serve Service provided Act 2006. However authorities primacy. legally accountable Justice System offences 2006 irrespective offence committed. (JSP) 381 Aide-Memoire Conflict JSP 383 398 Kingdom Rules Engagement. |2-3 deployed apply rights added Resolution bilateral/multilateral agreements status agreements arrangements memoranda understanding. On nations’ applicable laws times progresses. governs regulates resort sending sovereign another state. peacekeeping regulate act govern units. responsible actions.4 codification customary treaty last hundred years still underlie necessity humanity distinction proportionality. minimize suffering impede efficiency. 383 Ser vice underpinning proportionality derived. governing also protections persons prohibits acts deception amount perfidy. basic summarised below: (1) necessity applied. controlled lawful complete partial submission earliest moment minimum (2) humanity forbids infliction suffering injury accomplishment purposes. Also prohibited methods superfluous injury (3) non-combatants. Non-combatants notably medical A. religious Any intentional objects crime. (4) sought. What proportionate judged prevailing careful deliberation stages above chain e. (ROe) commanders’ words sitting themselves. expressed permissions prohibitions go extent out. taken policy. enhance fratricide counter-productive destabilise ROe lawfulness inalienable self-defence. 2-09. describe harmonise alliance coalition 2-10. strategic categorise structure discipline help integrity purpose state missions. delineate delegated responsibilities tied Depending corps division brigade battlegroup unit either level. noted levels recognised differently depending departments. highlighting David Fraser referred Alanbrooke “…(determining) aim be political derive series achieved create pre-conditions achievement necessitate resources requirements chart pattern priorities rational action.” |2-5 2-11. nations determines objectives deploys globalised networked consequences. encompassing strategy sets path Strategy collaboration governments constituent remainder alliance coalition. ‘ends’ (objectives strategy) ‘ways’ (methods) ‘means’ (resources). During plan